چالش های فرزندآوری در زنان تحصیلکرده دارای سه فرزند و بیشتر و راهبردهای ترغیبی

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان

1 مطالعات زن و خانواده ، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه مطالعات زن و خانواده،دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصاد،دانشگاه الزهرا،تهران ،ایران

چکیده

جمعیت و تغییرات آن، از دیرباز تا کنون یکی از مسائل مهم و حیاتی یک کشور بوده است. طبق آخرین داده های مرکز آمار، نرخ باروری به 7/1 و به عبارتی کمتر از سطح جانشینی رسیده است که نشان می دهد با چالش کاهش جمعیت روبرو هستیم. تغییرات سبک زندگی زنان و نگرش های آنان از مهم ترین عوامل تاثیرگذار روی مسئله باروری است. در این پژوهش، به بررسی چالش های فرزندآوری در زنان دارای سه فرزند پرداخته شد. هدف از این پژوهش، یافتن عوامل ترغیبی به فرزندآوری بود. پژوهش به روش کیفی و از نوع پدیدارشناسی بود. برای این منظور، از 20 مادر 42-26 ساله مصاحبه عمیق صورت گرفت که دارای سه فرزند و بیشتر بودند و با روش نمونه گیری گلوله برفی انتخاب شده بودند. با توجه به تحلیل یافته ها، سه مقوله اصلی موانع فرزندآوری، عوامل ترغیبی فرزندآوری و انتظارات تسهیل فرزندآوری و 10 مقوله فرعی و بیش از 100 مفهوم به دست آمد. به طور کلی اینطور می توان نتیجه گیری کرد که افراد با توجه به باورداشت های دینی خود اقدام به فرزندآوری با تعداد زیاد می کنند و در این راه، حمایت های مادی و معنوی که از خانواده دوطرف دریافت می شود می تواند عامل کمک کننده باشد. همچنین کمک های همراهانه همسر در کارهای خانه و نگه داری از فرزندان به مادر مسئله مهم و تاثیرگذاری بود.

تازه های تحقیق

با توجه به تجزیه و تحلیل یافته­ها می­توان اینطور جمع بندی کرد که زنان تحصیل کرده پژوهش، مادری را اولویت خود مطرح کردند تا جایی که هرجا اشتغال یا تحصیل مانعی برای انجام هرچه بهتر مادری برای آنان بود، اشتغال یا تحصیل را کنارگذاشته­بودند. از نگاه آنان، مادری شامل نقش­های خانگی و انجام کارهای خانه، جلب رضایت همسر و پذیرش او به­عنوان مدیرخانه، نگه داری از فرزندان از نظر جسمی و روانی و رسیدگی به تحصیل فرزندان بود. در پژوهش، زنان وجوه مختلفی از تأثیرگذاری  مسائل اقتصادی در زندگی خویش را بیان کردند و وضعیت معیشت خانواده های خود را پرچالش می­دانستند، اما با تمامی مشکلات اقتصادی آن را مانع اصلی نمی­دیدند، زیرا برخی از مصاحبه شوندگان با داشتن درآمد پایین از دیدگاه خود و مسکن استیجاری، به داشتن فرزندان بیشتر تمایل داشتند. شاید بتوان گفت مهم­ترین عامل مؤثر بر فرزندآوری در این پژوهش باورداشت دینی بود؛ آنان در وهله اول دغدغه بحران کاهش جمعیت که توسط رهبر کشور مطرح شده بود را بیان می­کردند و در ادامه دلایل دیگری همچون اثرات مثبت تربیتی فرزندان زیاد و یا علاقه شخصی به فرزندان زیاد را مطرح می­کردند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

fertility challenges in educated women with three or more children and motivational strategies

نویسندگان [English]

  • sepideh akbari 1
  • mehrangiz shoaa kazemi 2

1 Department of Women study, Faculty of Economics & Social Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Women and Family Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Iran, Tehran

چکیده [English]

Population and its changes have long been one of the most important and vital issues of a country. According to the latest data from the Statistics Center, the fertility rate has reached 1.7, which means less than the replacement level, which shows that we are facing the challenge of population decline. Changes in women's lifestyles and attitudes are one of the most important factors affecting the issue of fertility. In this study, the challenges of fertility in women with three children were investigated. The aim of this study was to find the motivating factors for fertility. The research was qualitative and phenomenological. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 mothers aged 26-42 years, who had three or more children and were selected by snowball sampling method. According to the analysis of the findings, three main categories of barriers to fertility, motivating factors for fertility and expectations to facilitate fertility and 10 sub-categories and more than 100 concepts were obtained. In general, it can be concluded that people have large numbers of children according to their religious beliefs, and in this way, the material and spiritual support received from both families can be a helpful factor. Also, the accompanying help of the wife in household chores and caring for the children to the mother was an important and effective issue.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • fertility
  • motivational factors
  • phenomenology
  • strategy
  • women
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