مطالعات زن و خانواده

بررسی مقایسه‌ای نقش خودکارآمدی مادرانه و فراهیجان مادر بر تنظیم هیجانی کودکان دارا و فاقد پدر در مقطع سنی 8 تا 11سال

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناس ارشد روان‌شناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، بوشهر، ایران.

2 نویسنده مسؤل: استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه خلیج فارس بوشهر، بوشهر، ایران

3 استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه خلیج فارس بوشهر، بوشهر، ایران.

چکیده

هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی مقایسه‌ای نقش خودکارآمدی مادرانه و فراهیجان مادر بر تنظیم هیجانی کودکان دارا و فاقد پدر در مقطع سنی 8 - 11سال بود. نمونه کودکان دارای پدر به‌صورت تصادفی مرحله‌ای از دانش‌آموزان ناحیۀ 3 شیراز و گروه دانش‌آموزان فاقد پدر به علت همتاسازی با گروه دارای پدر، از همان ناحیه و به‌صورت دسترس از بین دانش‌آموزان تحت پوشش یک مرکز خیریه انتخاب شدند. در نهایت 200 نفر دانش‌آموز کلاس دوم تا پنجم و مادران آن‌ها در پژوهش شرکت کردند. مادران هر دو گروه ابزارهای پژوهش شامل چک‌لیست تنظیم هیجانی کودکان، مقیاس خودکارآمدی مادرانه و مقیاس فراهیجان والدین را تکمیل کردند. نتایج نشان داد که از بین ابعاد خودکارآمدی مادران، بعد خودمدیریتی پیش‌بین مثبت و معناداری برای تنظیم هیجانی کودکان دارای پدر بود. هیچ یک از ابعاد خودکارآمدی مادران، پیش‌بین معنا‌داری برای تنظیم هیجانی کودکان فاقد پدر نبود. همچنین از بین ابعاد خودکارآمدی مادران، بعد خودمدیریتی پیش‌بین منفی و معنا‌داری برای تغییرپذیری کودکان دارا و فاقد پدر بود. از بین ابعاد فراهیجان مادران، بعد عقاید مربوط به هدایت‌گری پیش‌بین مثبت و معنا‌داری برای تنظیم هیجانی کودکان دارا و فاقد پدر بود. علاوه‌بر‌این از بین ابعاد فراهیجان مادران، بعد عقاید مربوط به هدایت‌گری پیش‌بین مثبت و معنا‌داری برای تغییرپذیری کودکان دارای پدر بود. در مقابل، عقاید مربوط به هدایت‌گری پیش‌بین منفی و عقاید مربوط به پذیرش، پیش‌بین مثبت و معنا‌داری برای تغییرپذیری کودکان فاقد پدر بودند. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان‌دهندۀ اهمیت متغیرهای والدینی مادرانه همچون خودکارآمدی و فراهیجان در شکل‌گیری تنظیم هیجانی در کودکان است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of role of maternal self efficacy and maternal meta-emotion on children’s emotion regulation in children with and without father

نویسندگان [English]

  • zahra Sheikh Attar 1
  • Farideh Sadat Hosseini 2
  • Seyed Mosa Golestane 3

1 M.A student of psychology of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Psychology of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Psychology of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

چکیده [English]

The aim of this study was to understand the role of maternal meta-emotion and self-efficacy in emotion regulation of children who live with both parents vs. those who live with their mothers only. 200 students (from second to fifth grades) and their mothers were randomly selected from the same geographical district in Shiraz. Half of the children lived with both parents whereas, the other half lived with their mothers only. Each group was given a test, consisting of the Emotion Control Checklist, Parental Self-Efficacy and Parents' Meta-Emotion Philosophy Scales. The results show: (a) from all attributes of self-efficacy, mother’s self-management skill has statistically significant positive correlation with emotion regulation in children who live with both parents; (b) mother’s self-efficacy has no significant correlation with emotion regulation in children who lived with their mothers only and (c) mother’s self-management skill has negative significant correlation with the children’s willingness to change, regardless of their family type. And moreover, (d) self-coaching beliefs (one of the many attributes of maternal meta emotions) have significant positive correlation with emotion regulation in all children, regardless of their family type, (e) self-coaching beliefs have positive significant correlation with the children’s willingness to change in children who lived with both parents and (f) self-coaching beliefs have significant negative correlation and acceptance beliefs have positive significant correlation with the children’s willingness to change in children who lived with their mothers only. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of mother’s parental attributes such as self-efficacy and meta emotion in the formation of emotion regulation in children.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Maternal self efficacy
  • Maternal meta-emotion
  • emotion regulation
  • Fatherlessness children
پارسایی، عین‌اله و فولادچنگ، محبوبه (1389). بررسی روایی و پایایی مقیاس دیدگاه فراهیجانی والدین در ایران. اولین همایش کشوری دانشجویی عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر سلامت. تهران، 21 و 22 مهرماه.
رضایی، علی محمد.، رحیمی، معصومه.، واعظ‌فر، سید سعید و دلاور، علی (1393). بررسی ساختار عاملی مقیاس خودکارآمدی مادران. فصلنامه فرهنگی- تربیتی زنان و خانواده، سال نهم، 28: 106- 85.
 
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. and Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. [Meta-Analysis]. Clin Psychol Rev, 30(2): 217-237.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V. and Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self‐efficacy beliefs as shapers of children's aspirations and career trajectories. Child development, 72(1): 187-206.
Brajša-Žganec, A. (2012). What do we know about the meta-emotions of parents: what feelings and attitudes about their own and children emotions have fathers and mothers of preschool children? Paper presented at the 20. godišnja konferencija hrvatskih psihologa.
Brajša-Žganec, A. (2014). Emotional Life of the Family: Parental Meta-Emotions, Children's Temperament and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems. Društvena istraživanja-Časopis za opća društvena pitanja(1): 25-45.
Brophy-Herb, H. E., Zajicek-Farber, M. L., Bocknek, E. L., McKelvey, L. M. and Stansbury, K. (2013). Longitudinal connections of maternal supportiveness and early emotion regulation to children's school readiness in low-income families. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 4(1): 2-19.
Chen, F. M., Lin, H. S. and Li, C. H. (2012). The role of emotion in parent-child relationships: Children’s emotionality, maternal meta-emotion and children’s attachment security. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(3): 403-410.
Cole, P. M., Hall, S. E. and Hajal, N. (2008). Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for psychopathology. Child and adolescent psychopathology, 2: 341-373.
Coleman, P.K., Karraker, K.H.  (2003).  Maternal Self-efficacy Beliefs, Competence in Parenting and Toddler’s Behavior and Developmental Status, Infant Mental Health, 24: 126-148.
Daga, S. S., Raval, V. V. and Raj, S. P. (2015). Maternal meta-emotion and child socio-emotional functioning in immigrant Indian and White American families. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(3): 233.
Dillon, D. G., Deveney, C. M. and Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011). From basic processes to real-world problems: how research on emotion and emotion regulation can inform understanding of psychopathology and vice versa. Emotion Review, 3(1): 74-82.
Dunsmore, J. C., Booker, J. A. and Ollendick, T. H. (2013). Parental emotion coaching and child emotion regulation as protective factors for children with oppositional defiant disorder. Social Development, 22(3): 444-466.
Ellis, B. H., Alisic, E., Reiss, A., Dishion, T. and Fisher, P. A. (2014). Emotion regulation among preschoolers on a continuum of risk: The role of maternal emotion coaching. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(6): 965-974.
Evelyne-Kehoe, C. E. (2006). Parents' Meta-emotion Philosophy, Emotional Intelligence and Relationship to Adolescent Emotional Intelligence: Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology.
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F. and Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3): 243.
Gülden, U.  B., Rengin, Z. andMelike, A.  (2010).  Berkeley parenting self-efficacy scale- second grade version: Reliability-validity studies among Turkish families. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 2166–2170.
Holloway, S. D., Suzuki, S., Yamamoto, Y. and Behrens, K. Y. (2005). Parenting self-efficacy among Japanese mothers. Journal of comparative family studies, 61-76.
Hurrell, K. E., Houwing, F. L. and Hudson, J. L. (2016). Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy and Emotion Coaching in Families of Children and Adolescents with an Anxiety Disorder. [Journal article]. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1-14.
Hurt, E.  A., Hoza, B. and Pelham, W.  E. (2007). Parenting, family loneliness and peer functioning in boys with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology; 35:543-555.
Jones, T.L.  (2006). Examining Potential Determinants of Parental Self-efficacy, University of South Carolina.
Katz, L. F. and Windecker-Nelson, B. (2004). Parental meta-emotion philosophy in families with conduct-problem children: Links with peer relations. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 32(4): 385-398.
Kim‐Spoon, J., Cicchetti, D. and Rogosch, F. A. (2013). A longitudinal study of emotion regulation, emotion lability‐negativity and internalizing symptomatology in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Child development, 84(2): 512-527.
Laible, D. (2004). Mother–child discourse in two contexts: Links with child temperament, attachment security and socioemotional competence. Developmental Psychology, 40: 979–992.
Lamb, M. (2004). The role of the father in child development. 4th ed. Wiley, Chichester.
Molina, P., Nives Sala, M., Zappulla, C., Bonfigliuoli, C., Cavioni, V, Assunta Zanetti, M., Baiocco, R., Laghi,  R., Pallini, S., De Stasio, S., Raccanello, D. and Cicchetti, D. (2014). The Emotion Regulation Checklist – Italian translation. Validation of parent and teacher versions, European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11(5): 624-634.
Morris, A. S., Morris, M. D. S., Silk, J., Steinberg, L., Aucoln, K. J. and Keyes, A. W. (2011). The influence of mother–child emotion regulation strategies on children’s expression of anger and sadness. Developmental Psychology, 47: 213–225.
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S. and Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16: 361– 88.
Parke, R. D., McDowell, D. J., Kim, M., Killian, C., Dennis, J., Flyr, M. R. and Wild, M. N. (2002). Fathers’ contributions to children’s peer relationships. In C. S. Tamis LeMonda and N. Carbrera (Eds.), Handbook of father involvement:  Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp.  141–167).  Mahwah, NJ:  Lawrence Erlbaum.
Parsaie, A. and Foladchangh, M. (2010) The Validity and Reliability of Paradigm's Perspective in Iran. First Student Country Conference Social Health Effects, Tehran, 13 and 14 Octobr(Text In Persian).
Pennella, C., Whit tinghamb, K., Boydb, B., Sandersc, M. andColditzd, P.  (2012).  Prematurity parental self-efficacy: The Preterm Parenting and Self-Efficacy Checklist. Infant Behavior and Development, 35: 678– 688.
Perry, N. B., Calkins, S. D., Nelson, J. A., Leerkes, E. M. and Marcovitch, S. (2012). Mothers' responses to children's negative emotions and child emotion regulation: The moderating role of vagal suppression. Developmental psychobiology, 54(5): 503-513.
Ramsden, S. R. and Hubbard, J. A. (2002). Family expressiveness and parental emotion coaching: Their role in children’s emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30: 657–667.
Reese, E., Bird, A. and Tripp, G. (2007). Children’s self-esteem and moral self: Links to parent–child conversations. Social Development, 16: 460–478.
Rezaie, A. M., Rahimi, M., Vaezfar, S. and Delavar, A. (2014).  Investigating the Factor Structure of Mothers' Self-Efficacy Scale. Cultural-Educational Quarterly of Women and Family, 9 (28): 85-106(text In Persian).
Rosenfield, S. (1989). The effects of women's employment: Personal control and sex differences in mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 77-91.
Salo, S., Kivistö, K., Korja, R., Biringen, Z., Tupola, S., Kahila, H., Kivitie-Kallio, S. (2009). Emotional Availability, Parental Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Child Development in Caregiver-Child Relationships with Buprenorphine-Exposed 3-year-olds, Parenting, 9(3): 244-259.
Shields, A.  and Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children:  The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27: 381 – 395.
Shipman, K., Zeman, J., Fitzgerald, M. and Swisher, L. M. (2003). Regulating emotion in parent–child and peer relationships: A comparison of sexually maltreated and non-maltreated girls. Child Maltreatment, 8: 163–172.
Shumow, L.  and Lomax, R.  (2002). Parental efficacy:  Predictor of parenting behavior and adolescent outcomes. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2(2): 127-150.
Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Early relationships and the development of children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 21(1-2): 67-74.
Uyanikbalat, G., Zembet, R. and Acer, M. (2010). Berkeley parenting self- efficacy scale-second grade version:  Reliability-validity studies among Turkish families. Procedia-Social and Behavioral science, 2(2): 2166-2170.
Weaver, C. M., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J. and Wilson, M. N. (2008). Parenting self-efficacy and problem behavior in children at high risk for early conduct problems: The mediating role of maternal depression. Infant Behavior and Development, 31(4): 594-605.
Young, M., Karraker, K. H. and Cottrell, L. E. (2006). Parenting self- efficacy and satisfaction with parenting: Relations with maternal well-being. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Kyoto, Japan.
 
مطالعات زن و خانواده
دوره 6، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 11
خرداد 1397
صفحه 109-131