Journal of Woman and Family Studies

Paradigmatic model for female spectators' presence in football stadiums in Iran

Document Type : Research/Original/Regular

Authors

1 University of Mazandaran

2 university of Mazandaran

Abstract

Nowadays, football has become a social phenomenon that has attracted a large number of fans. The purpose of this study was to present a paradigmatic model for the presence of female spectators in Iranian football stadiums. The study was done by qualitative research method using a data-based theory approach. Theoretical saturation was achieved by snowball sampling. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with university professors and football professionals. Validity and reliability of the data were determined by two methods of review by the researchers and review of non-participating experts in the study. The results of data analysis in three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding led to 12 main concepts that were included in the final model: individual and legal factors as causal factors, Infrastructure and planning factors as contextual conditions, political factors as intervening factors and controlled presence was suggested a proper way to normalize the presence of women in football stadiums. Given the model presented, increased behavioral and ethical security in stadiums, development of football industry marketing, cultural growth of spectators, and increased quality of football matches in Iran can be viewed as positive outcomes of women’s presence in football stadiums.

Keywords

  1. Ahmadi, F.(2014). Studying the presence of female spectators in Iranian sports competitions. Master's Thesis. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Amol – Shomal Nonprofit Higher Education Institute. (Text in Persian)
  2. Ahmadi, F., Ramazaninejhad, R., Bromand, M. R. & Gadi, N. (2016). Investigating the Factors Affecting the attendance of Female Spectators in Iranian Sports Stadiums. 1th National Conference on Sport Science in Health, Prevention and Championships, Tehran. (Text in Persian)
  3. Almiri, M., Naderian, M., Soltanhoseini, M., Nasresfahani, A. & Rahimi, m. (2009). Investigating the Factors Affecting the Attendance of Football Spectators in Stadiums. Journal of Sport Management. 1(3), 61-71. (Text in Persian)
  4. Askarian, F., Shiralizadeh, Z., & Panahi, H. (2016). Social Factors Affecting the Performance of Teams Participating in the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. Sport Management Studies. 8 (39): 139-54. (Text in Persian)
  5. Bazorgan, A.(2010).An Introduction to Qualitative and Mixed Research Methods. Didar Publishers, Tehran. (Text in Persian)
  6. Barajas, Á, Rodríguez, P.  (2014). "Spanish Football in Need of Financial Therapy: Cut Expenses and Inject Capital". International Journal of Sport Finance, 9(1). PP: 73 – 90.
  7. Caro, L. M., & Garcia, J. A. M. (2009). Consumer satisfaction with a periodic reoccurring sport event and the moderating effect of motivations. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 16(2), 70-81.
  8. Cohen, A., & Avrahami, A. (2005). Soccer Fan’s Motivation a Predictor of Participation in Soccer- Related Actives: an Empirical Examination in Iran. The Journal of Social behavior ASD personality, 33(5), 419-434.
  9. Danaei fard, H., Eslami, A.& Magsodi, E.(2011). Applying Fundamental Data Theory Research Strategy to Practice; Making Organizational Indifference Theory. Imam Sadegh University Publishers, Tehran. (Text in Persian)
  10. Darvishi, A,. Naseripour, M. & Dousti, M. (2016)  Identification of strategies to maintain and increase Persepolis club,ssport fans, Journal of Sport Management. 4(9), 679-695. (Text in Persian)
  11. Dehghan, A,. khezri, E,. AliDoust, A,.&  Hemayat talab, R.(2011). Investigating the motivations for the presence of Iranian  National Football Team fans. Journal of Sport Management. 2(6), 153-163. (Text in Persian)
  12. Dhurup, M., Mofoka, M. A., & Surujlal, J. (2010). The Relationship between Stadium Sports capes Dimension, Desire to stay and Future attendance. The Africa Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 16(3), 475-490.
  13. Ebrahimi, G., Asgari, A., & Niknejhad, M. (2010). A Sociological Study of Factors influencing Women's Attitude to Participate in Sport as Spectators. Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 6(11), 61-74. (Text in Persian)
  14. Ehsani, M.(2004).The Level of participation of women in Iranian sport and the factors that inhibit it.  Journal of Humanities tarbiat Modares University, 12(3), 15-27. (Text in Persian)
  15. Elahi,A.R(2008). Barriers and Strategies to Economic Development of the Iranian Football Industry. Doctoral dissertation,  Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,  University of Tehran. (Text in Persian)
  16. Elahi, A. R., Sajadi, S. N., Khabiri, M. & Abrishami, H. (2010). Barriers to the Development of Iran's Professional Football Club Industry. Journal of Research in Sport Science, 2(7), 53-68. (Text in Persian)
  17. Fallah Kazemi, M., Gholipour. N., & Eidi, H. (2017). Analysis of Factors Affecting Empty Seats in a Football Stadiums Using TOPSIS Method. Sport Management Studies, 9(43), 237-56. (Text in Persian)
  18. Fifa Statutes Regulations Governing the Application of the Statutes Standing Orders of the CongressAugust. 2018 edition.
  19. Garakhanlo, R,. & Nisiyan, F.(2007). Investigating  the attitude of different classes on the attendance of female spectators in men's sports fields and competitions. Journal of Research in Sport Science. 5(7), 33-50. (Text in Persian)
  20. Gasemi, H.(2007). The role of mass media in sport development. Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. (Text in Persian)
  21. Gerey, SH.(2018). Presenting a Model of Developing Marketing of Iran Football Primier League with emphasis on Female spectators attendance. Master's thesis. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, mazandaran University. (Text in Persian)
  22. Jaberi, A., Naderian Jahromi, M . & Mazlomi Sevini, F. (2012). The Role of Stadium Service Quality in Attracting and Retaining Football Spectators. Journal of Research in Sport Management.2(5), 25-43. (Text in Persian)
  23. Katoziyan, N.(2003). Introduction to Law Science. Ganj Danesh publications. 78-80. (Text in Persian)
  24. Klugman, M. (2017). Female Spectators, Agency, and the Politics of Pleasure: An Historical Case Study from Australian Rules football. The Journal of History of sport, 33(17), 2086-2104.
  25. Lee, M. (2007). AAHPERD National Convention and Exposition Convention Center: Exhibit Hall Poster Area I. University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
  26. Mashhodi, Z. (2017). Women`s sport from the perspective of  Islamic Jurisprudence. Specialized Journal of Islamic Education, 14(121), 117-140. (Text in Persian)
  27. Pease, D. G., & Zhang, J. J. (2009). Socio-motivational factors affecting spectator attendance at professional basketball games. International Journal of Sport Management, 2, 31-59.
  28. Por‏Ahmad, A. & Salarvandian, F.(2012). Historical trends of women's leisure spaces from Qajar to now in Tehran. Journal of Women in Development and Politics. 10(3), 54-74. (Text in Persian)
  29. Rahmani Nia, F,. Ramazani Nejhad, R,. &  Boroumand, M.R .(2099). Investigation of Aggressive Behaviors of Pegah football Players in Iranian Professional soccer League Competition. Journal of Sport Management. 1(1), 119-140. (Text in Persian)
  30. Razavi, S. M. J., Ghahreman Tabrizi, K., & Fallah, H. R. (2016). Identifying and Prioritizing Barriers to Yazd football Development and progress using Multi-Character Decision Making Models. Sport Management Studies. 8 (39): 123-38. (Text in Persian)
  31. Saatchian, V,. Golrizi, A. & Elahi, A. R. (2014). The comparison among fans loyalty motivations, supportive career and attendance in popular soccer pro-league clubs. Journal of Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior. 3(6), 123-135. (Text in Persian)  
  32. Saatchian, V,. Elahi, A.R,. Nazemi, M. & Alizadeh, A. (2013). The Priorities of Fans' Supporting Factors and its Relationship with Their participation and Support in the Iranian Professional Football League.  Journal of Sport Management Studies. 4(13), 137-154. (Text in Persian)
  33. Sheykhi, R,. &, Sharifian, A.(2017). Anger and sabotage in football spectators and their relationship with service quality in sports stadium. Applied Research of Sport Management, 2(22), 89-95.
  34. Shirzad MollaBashi, SH,.  Farahani, A,. & Assad, M.R.(2017). Factors affecting the appointment of women to managerial posts in the Ministry of sport and youth. Biannual Journal of Sport Development and Management. 6(6), 37-52. (Text in Persian)
  35. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J.(2011). Principles of Qualitative Research Methodology (Basic Theory, Procedures and Practices). Translated by Biyouk Mohamadi, (3th edition), Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. (Text in Persian)
  36. Tojari, F. & Torkfar, A. (2011). Influence of friends,social situation and family on motivation to attract spectators to Iranian football premier League matches .Journal of Contemporary Research in Sport Management. 1(2), 79-88. (Text in Persian)
  37. Woo, B ., Trail , G . T., Kwon, H. H., Anderson, D. (2009). Testing models of motives and  spectators in college football. Journals of Sport Marketing Quarterly. 12 (4), 145-161.
  38. Yang, G. (2011)."Study of how information systems facilitate football clubs".  University of Borås/School of Business and IT. PP: 1-3.
  39. Yousof, N. H. (2016). Types of Deviant Behavior among Football Fans in Malaysian. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 1(7), 59-62.
  40. Zohrehvandian, K.(2016). Design and develop a  model for Identifying the marketing capabilities of football Premier League clubs.  Doctoral dissertation,  Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University. (Text in Persian)

 

 

Journal of Woman and Family Studies
Volume 8, Issue 1 - Serial Number 16
April 2020
Pages 9-39